Planet Reports

The placement of Moon can make a lot of difference in the way a person lives his/her life. Most importantly Moon represents your mother, emotions and mind. Its exaltation sign is Taurus and it is said that with this placement the mother will be spiritual and would play a vital role to instil all the good moral values in the child and would make him/her spiritual. But if the moon is weak in horoscope then the person will be apathetic and will suffer mentally, repeating the mistakes again and again.

Moon in H8

The Moon in the 8th house generally indicates a mysterious and hidden mother figure or difficulties in the relationship with her. Your early childhood may have been disturbing. Being in this placement, you may be oversensitive emotionally or psychologically. There may be a natural interest in mystical subjects, and you may be naturally psychic. The Moon can show legacy through the mother. The mother may be interested in the occult. For women the Moon here can give reproductive problems. You may be secretive in expressing your feelings. You may have a deep mind and innate understanding of others. If the Moon is afflicted, you may lose your mother early in life. The Moon in the 8th house always gives you a strong attractive or sensuality.

Moon in Libra

If you have your moon in the sign of Libra then you are a broadminded person and will strive to establish and maintain equilibrium which makes you feel somewhat emotionally secure. You will feel a need to be in a relationship without which you may feel incomplete. Since the moon is in an Air sign, establishing great bonds will come naturally to you. Libra is ruled by Venus and your moon here will make you love and admire beauty and have a positive outlook towards life.

Related Planets (with Moon)

Moon-Mars

This is a good conjunction/mutual relationship to have in the chart as both these planets are natural friends and give good results. This conjunction/mutual relationship is also called Chandra-Mangal yoga. But a lot depends on the dignity of planets especially Mars or else this can get quiet worrisome at times for you. Moon is a gentle planet and Mars natural malefic, so clearly Mars here has the upper hand and so it is really important to check it's dignity. Moon is your mind and Mars is action, energy and if Mars is badly placed then you can have anger issues and can take actions without prior consideration in heated moment. Mars will no doubt make you an active and energetic person, but if wrongly guided can get you in violent situations. This can also show that you have a very active or aggressive mother. But on the contrary, if Mars is in good dignity, then this can make you highly goal oriented person and you will achieve success in life based on your hard work. The degree wise closeness can also cause frustrations but if you do meditation, then this can really help you divert your anger into something positive. If you are a girl then you can be tomboyish due to this conjunction/mutual relationship. This conjunction/mutual relationship will be best in Aries, Leo, Sagittarius and Pisces as these are friendly sign for both of them.

Mars represents our will power, courage, fighting ability, aggression, anger, soldier, male friends, fighter, land(real estate) etc. Mars is a fiery planet and loves action in life and according to the placement in the horoscope can tell about the ability of the person to take actions. Also the position of Mars can show the way a person would fight in life, that is , either legally or illegally. Since Mars is an aggressive planet, it is considered a natural malefic, but defines the will power of a person.

Mars in H5

Mars is a burning fiery planet. In the 5th house, it will give a highly passionate or highly sexual outlook. You are very impatient or aggressive with your thoughts. You may have trouble having children, especially women, with this placement as Mars can cause reproductive problems. Mars gives a burning kind of creativity. You have a lot of energy and maybe highly talented at sports and other games. You may have a highly logical or scientific mind. The mind can be crude and unrefined, so sensitivity to morals and other virtues cannot be vouched for unless mars is in a good sign, ruling good houses or well aspect. Mars will give impulsive and rash behaviour in love affairs.

Mars in Cancer

This is the debilitation sign for Mars and here it finds difficulty to express itself in a positive way.The Martian energy is subdued here so you will feel the lack of courage and motivation in youself. You may also suffer from less vitality and will ususally be bereft of energy. This placement can aggravate your feelings and can give you a highly irritable nature. This is a bad position for Mars to be as it can greatly upset your home life.

Related Planets (with Mars)

Sun-Mars

Sun and Mars share a friendly relationship with each other and both are of fire element. If you have a conjunction/mutual relationship of both in your horoscope then you can expect really good results as Mars is strong enough to deal with the fire of Sun and as we have previously established that both are best of friends. This conjunction/mutual relationships generally indicates that your father could be in the Armed forces or Police or any other service and this is true in most of the cases. Your father will be much like a warrior and one who is high on courage and will power. Also, even you will have great will power. Sun shows Government and Mars shows soldier and both these group of people need each other to function better in the society and that's why both these planets can mutually co-operate well. But as always if a planet comes too close to the Sun, it becomes combust and so if Mars comes too close degree wise, then Sun burns the good qualities of Mars. This means that during the initial years of your life you can be a timid person but as the time passes and Mars matures, after 28, you will gain courage and become a warrior like person. You can work for the Government and that too on high positions or whichever field of work that needs a lot of fighting. This conjunction/mutual relationship makes you a highly competitive person in the area of life that falls under the house where this conjunction/mutual relationship takes place in your chart. So, this placement is not considered beneficial in the 7th house which shows relationships and marriage where you have to accommodate with others rather than compete. But you are definitely a law abiding person with very high confidence and ego.

Moon-Mars

This is a good conjunction/mutual relationship to have in the chart as both these planets are natural friends and give good results. This conjunction/mutual relationship is also called Chandra-Mangal yoga. But a lot depends on the dignity of planets especially Mars or else this can get quiet worrisome at times for you. Moon is a gentle planet and Mars natural malefic, so clearly Mars here has the upper hand and so it is really important to check it's dignity. Moon is your mind and Mars is action, energy and if Mars is badly placed then you can have anger issues and can take actions without prior consideration in heated moment. Mars will no doubt make you an active and energetic person, but if wrongly guided can get you in violent situations. This can also show that you have a very active or aggressive mother. But on the contrary, if Mars is in good dignity, then this can make you highly goal oriented person and you will achieve success in life based on your hard work. The degree wise closeness can also cause frustrations but if you do meditation, then this can really help you divert your anger into something positive. If you are a girl then you can be tomboyish due to this conjunction/mutual relationship. This conjunction/mutual relationship will be best in Aries, Leo, Sagittarius and Pisces as these are friendly sign for both of them.

Mercury represents our communication and marketing skills, logical thinking, memory, quick decision making etc. It also represents calculation so if you are really good with calculating numbers without the use of computers, then you can say that Mercury is well placed and is favourable. In Astrology it is considered as prince among the planets and so it generally represents young age. Mercury is a neutral planet and it behaves like the planet it sits with. Its maturity age is considered as 35 years.

Mercury in H6

Mercury in the 6th house gives you a sensitive nervous system. When Mercury is afflicted, it can give rise to Mercury related diseases which are discussed below. Mercury will make you very good at any detailed work, usually of an intellectual or analytical nature or work involving writing, communication or use of the hands. Mercury may create difficulties or enmity with others through your speech. You may suffer difficulties through backbiting and gossip from enemies. Mercury gives you an ability to juggle debts. Mercury ruling with, in the 6th house, is a good placement for comedians, as it gives one the ability to observe life in great detail and find humour in the most ordinary things.

Mercury in Leo

Leo is ruled by the Sun and planet Mercury represents intellect. When Mercury is posited here it will give you noble ideas. Leo is friendly to Mercury so it performs well here. Since Mercury here expresses qualities of the Sun, which shows authority, it will give you a commanding tongue with a mix of creativity.

Related Planets (with Mercury)

Mercury-Venus

Both these planets share friendly relationship with each other and this conjunction/mutual relationship is a good one to have in ones chart. If you have this conjunction/mutual relationship in your chart then you may get into finance related works. You will be very good at counting as Mercury represents calculation and since Venus represents wealth it can show that you use your calculative skills to earn income. You can also get into Banks and stock markets, as Mercury represents business and with Venus(wealth) it will get you benefit from doing business related to wealth, especially if the conjunction/mutual relationship takes place in Virgo, which represents business. Not only calculative skills but this conjunction/mutual relationship also bestows you with creativity and you will be skilful and talented. You can also benefit from media and movie works if these planets are in good dignity and in good houses in your chart. As Venus represents love, it can show that you are good at flirting in love matters. Also with this placement you won't get depressed after a breakup and it will be quiet easy for you to shift from one relationship to other simply because Mercury the fast traveller is now with the planet of love, so the change is rather fast. With this conjunction/mutual relationship you will definitely be a very talented and creative person.

Mercury-Ketu

This Mercury and Ketu conjunction/mutual relationship will give you an uncommon and abnormal thinking. As Ketu is headless, in the initial years of your life, you communication will be directionless but will express yourself in writing. As Ketu also represents isolation, this can show that you are an introverted person and hardly talk. Although you are a shy person, you will have great intellect and philosophical approach to anything you undertake. You will be talented but you should utilise it in a very efficient and harmonious way rather than just wasting it. You would do great in research work because Ketu represents research and Mercury intellect and this also shows that you think a lot before saying or doing something. When in its negative aspect it will disturb your mental peace and you will be lost and confused at all levels. You will have different opinions from your siblings or you may not stay with them either. You will find your nervous energy scattered all over as Mercury also represents Nervous system and will face difficulty in bringing that altogether. If the dark side of this combination is too strong then there are high chances that you might get involved in all kinds of wicked activities and may derive pleasure from unwholesome pursuits. Depending upon the Ketu’s strength and energy you will either possess a smart persona or might end up being an annoying one.

Jupiter is the most benefic planet in Astrology and there is no such thing as enough when said about Jupiter. Jupiter represents wisdom, knowledge, teacher, law, religion, literature, philosophy, optimism, hope and is the main significator of wealth. It also signifies children and husband for a girl. It makes you very religious and spiritual but with all these qualities it gives Obesity as well, as it is the planet of expansion. Jupiter is considered as teacher of all Gods and its maturity age is 16 years.

Jupiter in H1

Unless Jupiter rules a bad house or is placed in a bad sign, this placement is always helpful. It can make you fat in appearance as Jupiter rules body fat. It tends to give a jovial, happy go lucky personality. You have a fortunate childhood and express a high degree of wisdom and faith. You may be interested in religion or spirituality. It makes you generous and righteous.

Jupiter in Pisces

Jupiter sitting in its own sign of Pisces is a really good placement and if you have this placement then you will definitely receive beneficial effects of Jupiter. Jupiter here illuminates and expands the creative side of Pisces and make you highly creative. Being generous is your natural trait. You will take interest in charitable work and will never step back if it comes for the service of others. Because of all these qualities you act as an inspiration for people around you.

Related Planets (with Jupiter)

Jupiter-Saturn

Jupiter and Saturn share a neutral relationship and this conjunction/mutual relationship is both a good and bad one to have in your chart. Here, Saturn will be dominant, as always, and will gives results according to its own nature. Saturn delays everything and Jupiter is pure knowledge, it represents your teachers and gurus in life, your beliefs, right morals, your education too. Here, Saturn puts restriction on the qualities of Jupiter and delays them in the initial years, that is, Saturn will cause some delay in getting your early education and it is generally before your 30s that you will not find the right teachers or gurus in your life. You will lack good guidance and will not hesitate to question your teachers regarding their knowledge base and teaching. There will always be a clash of opinions between your teachers/ gurus and you. All the benefits regarding Jupiter will be delayed in life but you will always be effortful in completing your education. Although you will be hardworking, your belief system will develop better in the later part of the life. It's only in your 30s that you will get clarity and positive results of this conjunction/mutual relationship. You will develop right morals and beliefs with patience and perseverance and even though you were not able to get good teachers in the early part of your life, you will have the opportunity to learn from wise/old teachers in the later part of it.

Venus by nature is a natural benefic planet which represents convenience. Vehicles, liquid money or anything that helps make our life comfortable comes under Venus. Venus is the main signifactor of marriage and represents wife or girlfriend for a man. Not only that, all the relations are dependent on Venus in the chart as it is its natural signifactor. Beauty and love is also Venus. Your desires are represented by Venus which are the cause of all problems in life. Its Maturity age is around 25 years.

Venus in H6

Venus in the 6th house can give health difficulties involving the bladder, reproductive system, or sexually related problems. If Venus is afflicted, you may find it difficult to get along with women. It usually shows daily work involving arts, beauty, or females. Venus here can give good attention to detail and aesthetic discernment. Venus shows you have cordial relations with daily workers and can behave sweetly with enemies. Venus shows luxurious tendencies, so this placement may not encourage you to adopt too much strict discipline, however you may be interested in pampering the body with scents, oils and enjoy other beauty regimens.

Venus in Leo

Leo is ruled by the Sun and is an enemy sign for Venus. If you have this placement then you will take great pride in your appearance. You are full of pomp and always like to showoff. You can be self-centred and may not consider your friends at par with you. Eventhough though Venus sits in an enemy sign, it will make you warm and sincere in love matters.

Related Planets (with Venus)

Mercury-Venus

Both these planets share friendly relationship with each other and this conjunction/mutual relationship is a good one to have in ones chart. If you have this conjunction/mutual relationship in your chart then you may get into finance related works. You will be very good at counting as Mercury represents calculation and since Venus represents wealth it can show that you use your calculative skills to earn income. You can also get into Banks and stock markets, as Mercury represents business and with Venus(wealth) it will get you benefit from doing business related to wealth, especially if the conjunction/mutual relationship takes place in Virgo, which represents business. Not only calculative skills but this conjunction/mutual relationship also bestows you with creativity and you will be skilful and talented. You can also benefit from media and movie works if these planets are in good dignity and in good houses in your chart. As Venus represents love, it can show that you are good at flirting in love matters. Also with this placement you won't get depressed after a breakup and it will be quiet easy for you to shift from one relationship to other simply because Mercury the fast traveller is now with the planet of love, so the change is rather fast. With this conjunction/mutual relationship you will definitely be a very talented and creative person.

Venus-Saturn

Venus and Saturn are natural friends. Venus represents love and relations, whereas Saturn gives delays and frustration in your life. Saturn will be dominant here and generally, no matter in which house Saturn sits, its basic job is to create delays and hurdles, atleast till mid 30s. whatever we hate is Saturn and it can be called as natural enemy for all because no matter how good, delays are a inevitable. Here, Saturn creates delays regarding things related to Venus and it is only after experiencing the bad side of things is when you slowly get better with hardwork and perseverance. It's not necessary that you won't get into relationships before your 30s, you will, its just that those relationships will be meaningless and rubbish and will only be a source of grief to you. But it is generally in the second part of your life that you will find true and meaningful love which lasts forever and so it is advised that you marry only after you cross your 30s for a healthy and peaceful married life. Not only relations but also other factors like luxury, arts, wealth, creativity etc. that are related to Venus will take time to develop but surely will. You will be prosperous and with time you start to get the realisation of the importance of others and manage your every relation and have a strong belief system but you can be somewhat strict and serious in those matters. With this conjunction/mutual relationship you can get into the fields of finance and creativity and will do very well there.

Venus-Ketu

Ketu is considered the shadow planet of extremes and Venus is your relationships so with this combination you will have some eccentricity in matters like love, compassion, loyalty, commitment, togetherness, friendship, occultism etc. Ketu represents our past life karmas and the things that we have already achieved in our past life. With Venus this shows that you may have pending karma with your love partner. If in good dignity, it can mean that your good karma from the past life will fetch you blessings and happiness in your present life. You will be talented and skilled. But since Ketu represents detachment and isolation, so if there is struggle or strain in the relation, you may get the feeling that you are not made for this and should renounce every thing. This can give you clarity and finally in the end Ketu here shows you the path of spirituality and you begin you journey to seek the truth. Further, when in its negative aspect all the above mentioned Venus's traits like love and sex will be diminished. Your married life may severely get affected due to this. This combination on one hand can surround you with all the luxuries and comforts whereas on the other hand can shut it out all at once. This combination can be seen in the profession like politics where the politicians have the love for the collective. You might end up in seeking power and helping others in need after receiving setbacks from the love affairs.

Saturn is limitations and constrictions. Saturn is the planet that gives structure to life. It is discipline, rules, law, justice, and gives delays in life. Saturn is also the karaka of detachment. Saturn is perceived as that strict teacher who would teach you things and then later would take a test as well. Saturn shows you the reality and makes you work hard for the matters related to the houses connected with Saturn in the chart. Saturn is the lord of karma and reminds us of taking care of our actions.

Saturn in H7

Saturn in the 7th house tends to cause separation, coolness in relationship, lack of intimacy, lack of available choice of partners and sometimes older partners or those who are more mature. However, if well placed, Saturn can give extremely stable and enduring marriages, but there is still some alienation or marked differences between you and your partner. You may stick to the partner for practical concerns rather than emotional ones. Saturn will bring an authoritarian, disciplined and serious attitude towards relationship. Saturn can also deny relationship and is said to be good for the pursuit of an ascetic life. If Saturn is strong, such as occupying its exaltation sign Libra. The public may regard you as an authority figure or leader.

Saturn in Virgo

Virgo is a friendly placement for Saturn and it generally functions well here. There is certain harmony in the energies and here Saturn gives you great organisational ability. You will be meticulous in nature and will be difficult to please. Your observation to detail is excellent. Keeping hygiene is great but you sometimes can be a little extreme about cleanliness and order. Overall it is a good placement.

Related Planets (with Saturn)

Jupiter-Saturn

Jupiter and Saturn share a neutral relationship and this conjunction/mutual relationship is both a good and bad one to have in your chart. Here, Saturn will be dominant, as always, and will gives results according to its own nature. Saturn delays everything and Jupiter is pure knowledge, it represents your teachers and gurus in life, your beliefs, right morals, your education too. Here, Saturn puts restriction on the qualities of Jupiter and delays them in the initial years, that is, Saturn will cause some delay in getting your early education and it is generally before your 30s that you will not find the right teachers or gurus in your life. You will lack good guidance and will not hesitate to question your teachers regarding their knowledge base and teaching. There will always be a clash of opinions between your teachers/ gurus and you. All the benefits regarding Jupiter will be delayed in life but you will always be effortful in completing your education. Although you will be hardworking, your belief system will develop better in the later part of the life. It's only in your 30s that you will get clarity and positive results of this conjunction/mutual relationship. You will develop right morals and beliefs with patience and perseverance and even though you were not able to get good teachers in the early part of your life, you will have the opportunity to learn from wise/old teachers in the later part of it.

Venus-Saturn

Venus and Saturn are natural friends. Venus represents love and relations, whereas Saturn gives delays and frustration in your life. Saturn will be dominant here and generally, no matter in which house Saturn sits, its basic job is to create delays and hurdles, atleast till mid 30s. whatever we hate is Saturn and it can be called as natural enemy for all because no matter how good, delays are a inevitable. Here, Saturn creates delays regarding things related to Venus and it is only after experiencing the bad side of things is when you slowly get better with hardwork and perseverance. It's not necessary that you won't get into relationships before your 30s, you will, its just that those relationships will be meaningless and rubbish and will only be a source of grief to you. But it is generally in the second part of your life that you will find true and meaningful love which lasts forever and so it is advised that you marry only after you cross your 30s for a healthy and peaceful married life. Not only relations but also other factors like luxury, arts, wealth, creativity etc. that are related to Venus will take time to develop but surely will. You will be prosperous and with time you start to get the realisation of the importance of others and manage your every relation and have a strong belief system but you can be somewhat strict and serious in those matters. With this conjunction/mutual relationship you can get into the fields of finance and creativity and will do very well there.

Rahu is illusion and an imaginary planet and is generally knows as the North node of Moon. According to Vedic astrology, Rahu is malefic as it is a materialistic planet and hinders the path to moksha. Rahu represents obsession, fame, wealth, success, foreign lands, Medicines, Drugs, movies, social media or any kind of intoxication. Cheating is also associated with Rahu. Rahu is uniqueness in life and can show someone who breaks the old traditions of the society and has an out of the box thinking.

Rahu in H12

This placement is little bit difficult to handle and often oscillates between the two extremes of the nature. Rahu in 12th house marks the main field of activity in your life and hence is a sensitive placement. You might get into bad habits and get addicted to smoking. You will also gain a deep insight far beyond the material realm. You should be careful to not follow religious orders and organizations blindly. If you want to live a happy life then you must stay away from all types of drugs and alcohol. Many politicians, detectives have this kind of placement.

Rahu in Aquarius

Aquarius is one of the zodiac signs which is represented by the water bearer which is a mystical healer who showers water or life upon the land. It is ruled by the planet Saturn.The placement of Rahu in Aquarius will be a friendly and lively one. This placement will enhance your idealistic approach towards life. You will overcome your unnecessary pride and ego and will expand your horizons and will work effectively in group activities. You will feel little detached from the materialistic matters of the world. This placement produces many philosophers of one kind or another. You will be very creative with your ideas and thoughts and will always be open to innovations. You might venture on to study subjects like Astrology, Occult sciences etc or handling new technology. If you want to excel in your life and work in group accepting people’s point of views you will have to lower down your guard of ego. Humility should be your mantra for bringing out your creative side. J.Krishnamurthy, a famous Indian writer and speaker was chosen as the messiah and many of his writings highlight the Aquarian traits.

Ketu is our accomplished past life deeds and so in this life we feel detached with the things related to the house in which ketu sits. Ketu is isolation and separation. It represents spirituality and moksha. In fact it is Ketu that shows whether a person will attain moksha in this lifetime or not. Consequently Ketu represents mysticism, occult, astrology, numerology or any other spiritual subject but much will be dependent on the position of Ketu in horoscope. since it's a demon, It is a malefic planet.

Ketu in H6

Ketu in the 6th house will bless you with all the riches and fortunes. You will expect too much from the people working under you. You might contract some of the strange ailments. You will hold strong opinions and ideas and might impose them unnecessarily on the people around you. Famous preacher and philosopher Swami Vivekananda had this kind of combination.

Ketu in Leo

Leo is a fire zodiac sign which is represented by the lion. It is ruled by the Sun.The disposition of Ketu in your life will bestow the solar nature of the Sun. You will be very image conscious. You will possess huge pride and self-esteem. You will be hungry of respect and dignity. You will not be involved in any such doing that will tarnish your image and honour. You will be bit commanding, short tempered and little bit egoistic. You will not be a people pleaser. You will not be the kind of person who will end up being the clown in the group as this may lower your pride. Just like the lion who is the king of the jungle and who has the final say you too will not be less than him. You will be someone who wants to be taken seriously. You will be very talented and creative with your ideas and thoughts. If your past karmas are good you will possess the warmth of your inner radiance and wisdom to light the path of the others around you. This positioning of Ketu in Leo can be very stormy as both of them are extremely fiery in nature. You will love to make your own rules and will have a very strong taste of likes and dislikes. You will always want the things to work on your way otherwise you will lose your temper. This behaviour may end up in giving both good and bad results depending upon the circumstances. This placement may not be fruitful and puts the Ketu in enemy position but as Ketu is less harmful towards the Sun hence harmful effects will be nullified. A lot of explosive personalities are born with this kind of association and the reason being their uncontrollable anger and ambition. Famous personality J.Krishnamurthy who was an Indian speaker and writer had this placement. His teachings highlighted individuality as the top priority.

Related Planets (with Ketu)

Mercury-Ketu

This Mercury and Ketu conjunction/mutual relationship will give you an uncommon and abnormal thinking. As Ketu is headless, in the initial years of your life, you communication will be directionless but will express yourself in writing. As Ketu also represents isolation, this can show that you are an introverted person and hardly talk. Although you are a shy person, you will have great intellect and philosophical approach to anything you undertake. You will be talented but you should utilise it in a very efficient and harmonious way rather than just wasting it. You would do great in research work because Ketu represents research and Mercury intellect and this also shows that you think a lot before saying or doing something. When in its negative aspect it will disturb your mental peace and you will be lost and confused at all levels. You will have different opinions from your siblings or you may not stay with them either. You will find your nervous energy scattered all over as Mercury also represents Nervous system and will face difficulty in bringing that altogether. If the dark side of this combination is too strong then there are high chances that you might get involved in all kinds of wicked activities and may derive pleasure from unwholesome pursuits. Depending upon the Ketu’s strength and energy you will either possess a smart persona or might end up being an annoying one.

Venus-Ketu

Ketu is considered the shadow planet of extremes and Venus is your relationships so with this combination you will have some eccentricity in matters like love, compassion, loyalty, commitment, togetherness, friendship, occultism etc. Ketu represents our past life karmas and the things that we have already achieved in our past life. With Venus this shows that you may have pending karma with your love partner. If in good dignity, it can mean that your good karma from the past life will fetch you blessings and happiness in your present life. You will be talented and skilled. But since Ketu represents detachment and isolation, so if there is struggle or strain in the relation, you may get the feeling that you are not made for this and should renounce every thing. This can give you clarity and finally in the end Ketu here shows you the path of spirituality and you begin you journey to seek the truth. Further, when in its negative aspect all the above mentioned Venus's traits like love and sex will be diminished. Your married life may severely get affected due to this. This combination on one hand can surround you with all the luxuries and comforts whereas on the other hand can shut it out all at once. This combination can be seen in the profession like politics where the politicians have the love for the collective. You might end up in seeking power and helping others in need after receiving setbacks from the love affairs.